![]() , spreading throughout the Roman Catholic European empires and countries (see Bott & Teodorovici, 2015, p. Were founded as of the eleventh century, first in Bologna However, conflicts between legalized universities and local governments were not resolved forever by these acts. The papal administrationÄeclared some of these private schools to be legal and granted them special rights, such as tax exemptions, municipal services, or special rights of judicial practice , along with court schools and palace schools. Of the pan-European Roman Catholic Church , when private schools of cities were founded and complemented exclusive institutions such as cathedral and monastery schools This chapter deals with the change in the architecturalĪnd in the spatial relationship between university, town, and landscape Universities have thus developed within multidimensional relationships, of which the polarity between territorial exclusivity outside urban society and integration into urban structures is just one. Going beyond the local bonds, their orientation is to the international scientific community Lastly, yet importantly, universities have always been nodes in a network of science. , having a strong relationship to the place they are located. ![]() At the same time, however, they have been an important element of local society, culture, and economy ![]() From the beginning, universities have had a distinctive internal orientation with their rituals and regulations, privileged by a kind of academic autonomy. Has grown in the complex relationship of local, national, and even pan-European interests and power structures (see Bott, 2015, p. The campus today is increasingly envisioned more as situated in urban life with all its many opportunities, challenges, risks, and choices than in landscape and rural sceneries. Ideas about university life now appear to be changing to a kind of reurbanization. The campus concept has influenced university planning the world over since the twentieth century, combined with ideas of the European Modern Movement of architecture and urban design. University lifestyle became related to landscape, parks, and nature. Beginning in the seventeenth century, however, a new typology arose in North America -the campus, with its detached buildings surrounding quads, or lawns, in attractive countryside locations outside towns. Universities developed in Europe from small courtyard collegiums to three-wing palaces up to the eighteenth century and became monumental blocks at the end of the nineteenth century, always integrated into urban patterns, connected to public streets and squares. This chapter deals with the conceptual change of university buildings and the spatial relationship between university, town, and landscape through the centuries to the present.
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